How Did Philippines Culture Change After Independence
Top Epitome: Commemorative stamps celebrating Independence Solar day from the collection of Dr. Ricardo T. Jose.
The 4th of July used to exist considered an important national holiday in the Philippines. Not because information technology was the U.s.a.' birthday, just because information technology was Philippine Independence Day in 1946. Seventy five years ago, the Philippines was recognized as an independent, sovereign country by the Us, which withdrew its authority over the archipelago every bit colonizer.
Pre-Independence History of the Philippines
The road to July 4, 1946 was long and tenuous. The Philippines had been a Castilian colony since 1565, and since that time numerous revolts bankrupt out challenging Spanish rule. These revolts were disunited, however, until the nineteenth century when nationalism brought along a more than united anti-colonial motion. This culminated in a revolution that bankrupt out in 1896. After much fighting, a stalemate ensued, leading to a ceasefire understanding betwixt Filipino and Castilian leaders.
The outbreak of the Spanish-American War in 1898 brought Commodore George Dewey and the U.s.a. Asiatic Squadron to Manila Bay, where they defeated the Spanish Asiatic armada. The Philippine Revolution resumed in earnest, led by General Emilio Aguinaldo who established a revolutionary authorities. At the height of its military successes against Spain, the revolutionary government proclaimed independence on June 12, 1898. Aguinaldo became president and the Philippine Republic was formally inaugurated in Malolos, Bulacan, in January 1899.
The Castilian-American war was concluded by the Treaty of Paris which decreed that Spain would surrender the Philippines, simply in turn the archipelago would become a colony of the United States. Filipinos had not been consulted, and as a result the state of war for independence turned against the U.s..
Afterward over two years of fighting, Aguinaldo was captured and President Theodore Roosevelt alleged the stop of the Philippine-American War. The campaign for independence continued on the political forepart, even as desultory tearing resistance against American dominion continued to break out.
In August 1916, the Jones Constabulary, more than formally known as the Philippine Autonomy Deed of 1916, was passed, promising independence to the Philippines once Filipinos were able to testify that they could govern themselves. No timetable was set, but in one case the United States alleged war on Frg in Earth War I, Philippine political leaders offered a partitioning of Filipinos to fight on the side of the Us. Filipinos were given corking leeway in running the regime at that time, but once the Great War concluded, the US government reexamined Philippine weather condition and strengthened American command of the insular government. Filipinos sent regular independence missions to Washington to call for concrete steps towards independence, which were rebuffed by the prevailing Republican administrations.
The advent of the Peachy Depression made Congress rethink US-Philippine relations, and passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act in 1933, over President Herbert Hoover'southward veto. The Hare-Hawes-Cutting Deed (HHC) envisaged a x year transitory period during which time the Philippines would found a semi-democratic government under an elected Filipino president. The act was rejected by the Philippine Legislature afterwards that year, afterwards much debate and political wrangling. Manuel 50. Quezon, President of the Philippine Senate, proceeded to Washington immediately after to negotiate a more than advantageous constabulary, citing amidst others issues relating to the continuance of US bases in the Philippines subsequently independence, the limits of potency of the Philippine president in the transitory authorities, and the abrupt cease of Philippine preferential trade relations with the U.s..
1934 Philippine Independence Human activity
Quezon, the dominant political leader in the Philippines at that fourth dimension, believed he could influence the new American president, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and the Autonomous congress to rectify his main objections in a new Philippine independence beak. Roosevelt and the congress were decorated with New Deal policies and were but willing to resuscitate the HHC with very pocket-size changes. Quezon accepted these and returned to Manila. The ensuing human activity, the Tydings-McDuffie Law, was accustomed by the Philippine legislature in May 1934, thus setting the stage for Philippine independence in 1946.
Under the Tydings-McDuffie Police, the Philippines would establish a government to be known as the Philippine Republic, which would steer the Philippines through a x-year transition catamenia. After completing ten years of well-nigh autonomous governance, the United States would withdraw its sovereignty over the islands on July four of the succeeding year, and would recognize the Philippines every bit an independent republic.
Prior to the institution of the Philippine Democracy, a constitution had to be drafted. A constitutional convention was thus elected, and finished its draft in February 1935. Roosevelt approved this document, which was to become the legal framework not simply of the Philippine Republic, just too of the future Philippine Republic. It was approved in a nationwide plebiscite, and national elections for the new authorities were held in September 1935. The Philippine Commonwealth was formally inaugurated on November fifteen, 1935, an unprecedented world outcome in which the United States, a colonial power, was preparing to let go of its colony. The ramifications were keenly felt among other colonial governments and colonized people. Quezon was predictably elected equally president.
The Philippine Republic government had to resolve major problems during the ten-year transition period, among them national defence force, social justice, economic development, national integration, and cultural identity. During the over three decades of American colonial rule, the Philippines had become dependent on the Us economically, and had no military machine of its own. These and major agrarian and labor issues had to exist resolved. A Philippine Army was formed, and government enterprises in business were launched.
The Philippine Commonwealth was an untried experiment, and the Tydings-McDuffie Constabulary appointed a representative of the United states of america president in the grade of a High Commissioner. Gone was the Governor General of earlier years. The High Commissioner would written report on the progress of the Philippine experiment, and the United states government had oversight functions over legislative, executive, and judicial deportment of the Commonwealth. Furthermore, the U.s.a. government held on to foreign affairs and currency matters. In case the experiment failed, the transition could be scrapped and it would be back to foursquare one. Neither Quezon nor Roosevelt wanted this, so despite much ability granted him, Quezon held back where he could.
Globe War 2 and the Filipino Guerrilla Move
Halfway through the experiment, World State of war II broke out in Europe. Trade was disrupted, and the reality of war reaching the Philippines loomed. The gravity of some problems delayed enforcement of various plans, and some began to inquire whether 10 years were plenty. Quezon, however, attempted to advance independence at least privately, although this did not deport fruit.
The outbreak of state of war between Japan and China in 1937 as well brought forth the specter of war, through refugees and news of defenseless cities being bombed. Only it was the state of war in Europe that seemed closer: The European capitals were better known to most Filipinos, and the Blitzkrieg and the Boxing of Britain became household words.
War did attain the Philippines in Dec 1941, although strenuous final-minute preparations were fabricated. The US Army Forces in the Far East was created, placing under one control the Us Army forces in the Philippines and the mobilized Philippine Ground forces forces. Gen. Douglas MacArthur was placed in command, and modernistic aircraft and weapons were rushed to the Philippines. Information technology was too late.
The Japanese struck before the defense preparations were completed, decimating the Usa air forces and naval facilities in the first days of the state of war. Beach defenses were unable to hold against the Japanese juggernaut, merely a fighting withdrawal to Bataan and Corregidor was successful and held against all odds. Realizing the hopelessness of the situation, Roosevelt ordered MacArthur to Australia; the Philippine Commonwealth government, which had moved to Corregidor to salve Manila from bombing, was itself likewise removed. Quezon would institute the Democracy regime in exile in Washington as Bataan and Corregidor were forced to surrender. Roosevelt had, in the meantime, promised to redeem Philippine freedom and to pay for war damages,
For iii years the Philippines was in the easily of the Japanese, who set upwardly a armed forces assistants. Wanting to win Filipino loyalty, the Japanese alleged the Philippines independent in 1943, ahead of the US promise. A government was ready, simply about Filipinos saw through the Japanese aims and instead supported the guerrilla resistance move. The guerrillas remained loyal to the Philippine Commonwealth and the United States, and were a major threat to the Japanese occupation forces.
Liberation of the Philippines from the Japanese
Gen. MacArthur, who had promised to return, landed in Leyte in Oct 1944, thus commencing the military campaign to liberate the Philippines from the Japanese. In the ensuing struggle, Manila and most of the major Philippine cities suffered grievous damage. MacArthur declared the armed services campaign on Luzon closed on July iv, 1945, but the bulk of the Japanese footing forces were nevertheless intact in the mountains. Fighting connected in Mindanao. And Japan had not still surrendered.
The Philippine Republic government returned with Gen. MacArthur. Quezon had died while in the Us, and Sergio Osmeña, the vice president, automatically took over. Osmeña landed with MacArthur on Leyte, and as the Battle of Manila neared its end, restored the government to Malacañang Palace in Manila. While in Washington, the Commonwealth government did all information technology could to hasten the return of American forces to the Philippines. Information technology also sought to ensure that war damage would be rehabilitated past the U.s.a. government. The Philippines actively participated in the early meetings that would result in the Un.
Upon his return to Manila, Osmeña pledged a Philippine Ground forces sectionalization to participate in the assail landings on Japan. Guerrillas, now function of the army, trained accordingly. The atomic bombs negated the demand for such activeness, and Japan accustomed the Allied terms on August fifteen, 1945.
Postal service-war Rehabilitation
As the war ended, the Philippines counted the cost. Over a meg Filipinos had died or were killed, out of a population of 18 1000000. Manila and most of the major cities were in ruins. Severe inflation had prepare in every bit a effect of the Japanese occupation, and farms were fallow; subcontract animals too had died because of the war. Industries, transportation, and communication facilities were destroyed.
Should the original timetable for independence be kept? The tasks facing Osmeña and the Democracy government were daunting; none of this had been foreseen when the Tydings-McDuffie Act had become law.
Apart from the physical destruction and the loss of lives, the Philippines was divided: there had been those who had collaborated with the Japanese, while most had resisted either straight or indirectly. The country was dissever on whether the collaborators were to be dealt with harshly or non. Many key authorities officials from before the war had—willingly or not—served in the Japanese-controlled administration.
There was an firsthand demand for relief. People had to be fed, clothed, and given shelter. All the basic necessities were initially provided by the US Regular army—water, article of clothing, food, power, communications, and jobs. Other assistance came in from the United states of america and the United nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration as the piers were restored, and ships arrived.
Peace and lodge problems were serious—some stemming from the pre-state of war social and agrarian problems, others because of loose firearms. Guerrilla units were plenty, only not all were legitimate, and at that place was an upsurge of crimes. Morality was in tatters, every bit people had to survive in whatsoever ways they could. Aggrandizement was rampant, fifty-fifty as the government strove to bring prices down with newly printed currency and price controls. Too, after having been away for three years, it was a difficult task to win back the people's conviction in the authorities.
The Philippine Congress was convened in June 1945—the starting time time information technology sat since the elections of November 1941. Some of its members had died during the war; others were tainted by charges of collaboration. It began its work of legislating, but was hampered by the unstable postwar conditions.
Osmeña travelled to the United states 3 times in 1945—a last coming together with FDR in April and two meetings with President Harry S. Truman, to negotiate assist and assist for the Philippines—also equally assurances that independence would come as scheduled.
For a while an earlier independence date was broached, but this would have required legislation which was not a priority. There were mutterings that Philippine independence exist delayed, owing to the unsettled weather after the state of war, but this would mean political suicide to those seeking part. And and then independence would have identify as planned, on July iv, 1946.
The post-war Philippine Commonwealth faced severe bug not anticipated earlier the war. Land reform, reopening of schools, reconstruction, trials of suspected collaborators with the Japanese, recognizing and compensating veterans, restarting the economic system, restoring merchandise, attracting investment—these and more than had to exist dealt with in the last months of the Philippine Commonwealth government.
The government was now more strongly reliant on the United States, more than so than earlier the war. The Philippine Army was totally dependent on the United states Regular army for equipment and weapons, and relief merely coming from the United States. External defense force would now be too costly for the cash-strapped regime. Thus the presence of US bases could be seen as mutually beneficial.
The last American High Commissioner was Paul 5. McNutt, who had served in that position in the late 1930s. He brash Osmeña on various matters. Secretary of State Harold Ickes insisted that the Philippines accept a hard line on declared collaborators—something that would exist difficult to practise due to the many issues involved. Ickes threatened to withhold assistance if the government did non punish those who had reneged on their oaths of loyalty to the U.s.a..
Paul McNutt, High Commissioner to the Philippines, reads a proclamation at the ceremony. Us Signal Corps photograph from the collection of Dr. Ricardo T. Jose.
An ally of the Philippines in Washington was Senator Millard Tydings, co-author of the pre-war Philippine Independence Act. He sponsored a bill granting what he felt were sufficient funds for rehabilitation. On a personal visit to the Philippines, nevertheless, he found out that earlier estimates had been underestimated, and that more than funds were needed. His bill did destine a generous $620 1000000—later raised to $800 1000000—to the Philippines.
The Rehabilitation Pecker was, however, tied to a merchandise bill, authored by Representative Jasper Bell. The Bong Trade bill sought to extend the free trade relations between the United States and the Philippines for another eight years, afterwards which tariffs would be gradually imposed for xx years. Bong insisted that to convince Americans to invest in the Philippines they had to exist given the aforementioned rights as Filipinos. This necessitated amending the 1935 Philippine constitution, which express land ownership, admission to natural resources, amongst others, to Filipino citizens and majority Filipino-owned corporations. The parity amendment would thus become a requisite for receiving the bulk of the rehabilitation aid in the Tydings bill. The Bell Trade Bill also tied the Philippine peso to the US dollar and could not be independently revalued.
Other bug that emerged on the eve of independence. In Feb 1946, President Truman signed the Rescission Law, which denied most Filipino veterans of benefits due them, voiding their service in the US armed forces.
A strong The states armed forces presence remained in early on 1946, with the 86th Infantry Division in full strength, prepared to protect American interests. With World War II over, many of its members felt their duty was done and rallied to exist sent home. Only in that location was discontent brewing in the provinces, with long agrarian issues remaining unsolved. Many military bases were still in The states easily, and negotiations as to which would be kept subsequently Philippine independence were begun. As prepare in the Tydings-McDuffie Act, the United States would maintain bases fifty-fifty later on Philippine independence to protect American interests in the region.
Philippine Commonwealth Election of 1946
Every bit the date of independence approached, a multitude of problems had to exist solved. Amidst the disunity, tension, and doubtfulness of the firsthand postal service-war Philippines, there had to exist a terminal election for the Commonwealth. Osmeña chose to run for reelection; Manuel Roxas, ambitious contender and also Quezon's own choice every bit successor, ran against him. While Roxas had participated in the defense of the Philippines, he had also served in the Japanese-sponsored government under Jose P. Laurel. To some he was tainted with collaboration and might bring other collaborators back to power. Osmeña was the guerrillas' choice, and also the peasants; Osmeña leaned left of center. Only Roxas was backed by McNutt and General MacArthur.
Roxas won the election of April 1946, merely past but a slim margin, garnering some 54 percent of the votes cast. He took his oath of office on May 28, 1946, in a temporary phase built in front of the ruins of the Legislative Building, as the third and terminal president of the Philippine Commonwealth.
Prior to his assumption of office, Roxas went to the United States via Tokyo, where he paid a visit to MacArthur. Roxas' Washington visit was a frenzied week-long i, meeting with President Truman and ranking American officials to hash out Philippine affairs and concretize plans for US help to the Philippines.
As Roxas took office, conservative congressmen ousted more liberal legislators on unfounded charges. It marked a split between peasant leaders who were open up to pursuing modify in the authorities and conservatives who felt threatened by them. On the eve of Philippine independence, left-leaning peasant and labor groups threatened to secede and launch a rebellion, reacting to the blatant politicization of the congress.
Philippine Independence Day 1946
This was a big international effect, but the Philippines did not even so have a Department of Strange Diplomacy. It had to rely on the US government for much of the preparations.
May 1946 saw the beginning of a flurry of events to plan out the final days of the Commonwealth and prepare for Independence Day. A articulation Filipino-American commission was formed to iron out details. The Manila Hotel, which had been gutted during the Boxing of Manila, was cleaned up and prepared for gala events. Invitations were issued to distinguished guests from the United States and various countries. President Truman was invited, simply he declined, attributable to pressure of work. Independence related contests were launched—for an appropriate poster, essay, poem, and hymn. A U.s.a. flag was to be hand-sewn past past and present Philippine first ladies, to be presented to President Truman. Commemorative postage stamps, medals, and other souvenirs were issued.
The venue for the independence rites was called and a stage shaped in the class of a ship'due south prow (symbolizing the send of land) was built with towering pillars backside information technology. The stage and grandstand were congenital in front end of the iconic memorial of the Philippine national hero, Jose Rizal, in Luneta Park. A large arch was erected near it, in front end of the Manila Hotel, to welcome visitors.
As the month of July 1946 began, and then did the numerous events and preparations to climax in Philippine Independence on July four. Private homes and government buildings were busy. Bands paraded and gave concerts. The University of the Philippines' Conservatory of Music held a gala concert at the Rizal Coliseum, where numerous international sports matches were held. Distinguished visitors from the US and other countries arrived. The US Navy'due south Chore Force 77 anchored in Manila Bay to salute the birth of the democracy. Information technology consisted of the flagship USS Bremerton, 2 aircraft carriers, two cruisers, and vii destroyers.
Among the Very-Important-Persons who arrived in the commencement days of July was Full general MacArthur, who flew from Tokyo. Representing the Usa government was High Commissioner McNutt, at present destined to be the first US Ambassador to the Republic of the Philippines. From the U.s.a. were Senator Tydings, Representative Bong, United states Postmaster General Robert E. Hannegan, old Governor General Francis B. Harrison, and others. Representatives from 27 nations arrived, amid them the French WWI hero Lt. Gen. Zinovi Peckoff (at that time serving with the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers in Tokyo) and Lt. Gen. Sook Chatinakrob, Thailand's Chief of Staff. In Manila Bay were Australian, Portuguese and Thai warships.
All these activities were taking identify equally the Cold State of war began: the United States tested an atomic flop in Bikini Atoll on July 1. Communist-linked movements were beginning to threaten the post-war order.
On July 3, the Philippine Congress accepted the Bell Trade Act and authorized President Roxas to sign an executive agreement with the US laying the background for formal negotiations and mutual recognition. That same mean solar day, Roxas and McNutt visited the commander of Chore Force 77 on his flagship; later they recorded letters to be broadcast nationwide and to the United States. McNutt hosted a reception at his official residence and capped the day with a formal dinner in honor of Roxas at the Manila Hotel.
Th, July 4 1946, was a cloudy, sunless day. It was the rainy season in the Philippines, only this did not dampen the excitement edifice up towards the Philippine independence anniversary. Religious services were held in the various churches of Manila and provincial capitals, cities, and towns. Guests began arriving at the venue shortly earlier vii:00 in the morning time. Dignitaries arrived from 7:20; the oversupply craned their necks to become a glimpse of Gen. MacArthur. A bugle sounded, and the audience rose to welcome President Roxas and his wife at 7:55. He was followed past Vice President Elpidio Quirino and finally High Commissioner McNutt, accompanied past their respective wives.
With McNutt serving as emcee, the programme began at precisely viii:00 am. The Rt. Rev. Robert F. Wilmer, ranking Protestant in the Philippines, gave the invocation. McNutt and then introduced the speakers; there were wild cheers for Senator Tydings and Gen. MacArthur. Tydings reviewed the events which led to this solar day, and and so wished the new republic "Godspeed." MacArthur reviewed the "special relationship" betwixt the Philippines and the United states of america.
The highlight of the program was McNutt's reading of President Truman'due south Annunciation of Independence. As he began speaking, a heavy downpour drenched the audience, just they braved the rain. The downpour lifted in time for McNutt to read the annunciation, which starting time laid out the legal footing for the Usa' conquering of the Philippines, the United States' desire to grant the Philippines independence, and the provisions of the Tydings McDuffie Act. Truman, as president of the U.s., then withdrew all "rights of possession, supervision, jurisdiction, control or sovereignty" exercised by the Us over the territory and people of the Philippines, and recognized the independence of the Philippines.
McNutt ended with his own words:
At 9:15 am, the US Ground forces band played the U.s.a. National Anthem as McNutt began lowering the American flag. President Roxas, pulling on the same cord, began raising the Philippine flag, to the accompaniment of the Philippine National Anthem, played by the Philippine Ground forces Ring.
Every bit the United States and Philippine flags passed each other, they touched—"as if in a last caress, a terminal kiss," wrote i witness. As the Philippine flag fluttered from the top of the flagpole, U.s.a., Australian, Portuguese, and Thai warships in the bay fired a 21-gun salute. Church bells throughout the Philippines rang and a whistle appear that the Philippines was now independent.
Vice President Quirino and so took his oath, followed past President Roxas. These were administered past Main Justice Manuel Five. Moran of the Philippine Supreme Court. Roxas proceeded with his inaugural accost: "As we are masters of our ain destiny, so too must we bear all the consequences of our actions," he announced. The Philippines was no longer protected by the pall of American sovereignty and thus "we must find our own way… [but in the atomic historic period] we cannot retreat inside ourselves… On all fronts the doctrine of absolute sovereignty is yielding ground… But we take yet a greater bulwark today… the friendship and devotion of America… Our safest course is in the glistening wake of America whose certain advance with mighty prow breaks for smaller craft the waves of fearfulness."
The future direction of the Philippines under President Roxas was thus charted, and to highlight this orientation he and McNutt signed an agreement for the establishment of diplomatic relations and an acting trade understanding. Roxas now signed equally president of the Republic of the Philippines, and McNutt as first US ambassador.
A chorus of thousand voices—college students all—then sang the Philippine Independence Hymn. This had been the winner of the independence hymn contest composed by acclaimed composer Restie Umali. The official program concluded with a closing Invocation by Near Reverend Gabriel Reyes, Filipino archbishop of Cebu.
As the program ended, a bugle telephone call sounded at xi:00 am to signal the offset of the civic-military parade. Units from the Philippine and US armed forces marched in splendor, followed by Filipino veterans of the 1890s revolution and WWII guerrilla members. As the aged revolutionary war veterans marched by the grandstand, U.s. bombers and fighters flew overhead, spelling get-go a V for Victory, and and then the letters P and R, representing the Philippine Democracy.
The military contingents were followed by several floats from different government offices and schools. Of note was that of the General Auditing Part, represented by a bulldog watching over a safe. The last float contained figures of Filipinas (representing the Philippines) and Miss Columbia, representing freedom.
By noon the ceremony was over, and the dignitaries and audience retired. The day was not even so over, however. At iv:thirty pm a tree symbolizing Philippine independence was planted in front of the Manila City Hall. At seven:00 pm President Roxas hosted a formal dinner, reception, and ball at the presidential palace. The historic day was capped past a k fireworks display at the Sunken Gardens simply outside the old Walled City of Intramuros, as US Navy ships put up a searchlight display and pyrotechnics testify in Manila Bay.
Celebrations continued for two more than days: in the afternoon of July 5, a Philippine sports exhibition was held at the University of Santo Tomas Gymnasium. That evening, a Gala Symphony Concert by the Manila Symphony Orchestra, was held at the Rizal Coliseum. The terminal celebration of the momentous week was a Barrio Fiesta—a dinner feast—in the evening of July 6 at the Manila Hotel.
1946 to Present Day
It was a time of great rejoicing. But as the new era dawned, there were numerous sticking points—the US bases, the Bell Trade Human action, Philippine war damage claims, and discriminatory handling of Filipino WWII veterans. The Military Bases Agreement was to terminal for 99 years, during which period at that place was no clear cutting guarantee that these bases would protect the Philippines. The bases agreement was shortened in 1966, and finally lapsed in 1991. The Bell Trade Human action extended costless merchandise and required the granting of parity rights to American nationals, which in turn required amending the 1935 Constitution, which had reserved numerous rights to only Filipino citizens. Free merchandise, with quota limitations, would proceed on until 1954, after which gradual tariffs would be practical for a period of twenty years, catastrophe in 1974. Parity rights were granted American citizens after stormy debates which almost cost President Roxas his life. The Bell Trade Act besides tied the peso to the U.s. dollar until 1955.
July iv, 1946 thus saw the birth of the Philippine Republic, only with lots of unfinished business. And this amidst the backdrop of the developing Cold State of war, a civil state of war, and deep rooted problems.
The independence that was gained (restored, co-ordinate to some pundits, referring to the 1898 annunciation) was questioned—was it a real, full independence? In addition, Philippine Independence Day celebrations coincided with Us Independence Day, resulting in some defoliation in the Philippines and away. In 1962, President Diosdado Macapagal moved Philippine Independence Solar day to June 12, commemorating the 1898 Filipino proclamation. Aguinaldo was and then still alive and was happy to run into the alter. July 4 had been an afterthought, opined some, with June 12 the existent Filipino act.
July 4 became Commonwealth Mean solar day, still a national holiday, in 1964. During the period of Martial Law under President Ferdinand Marcos, July 4 was changed to Philippine-American Friendship Day, and relegated to a working holiday. President Corazon Aquino did away with Philippine-American Friendship Day altogether, simply President Fidel V. Ramos restored it on the occasion of the 50th anniversary.
The event 75 years ago was much welcomed at the time and did run across the end of formal aspects of colonial dominion. There was no longer direct Usa oversight, no more than American High Commissioner, the Philippine flag flew alone (except in the US bases) and the Philippine National Anthem was played lone. Only critics argued that it ushered in a neo-colonial human relationship. Some trumpeted the Philippine-American relationship every bit a "special relationship," but information technology did not seem so to others.
July 4, 1946 was overshadowed by the events of World War Two. Commemorations of the 75th anniversary of key WWII events were many and well publicized, only were of a sudden stymied by the Covid-19 pandemic. The 1946 independence ceremonies take likewise been overtaken by rites commemorating the 500th ceremony of Magellan's inflow—and the bringing in of Christianity to the Philippines, which was given total back up by the Philippine Government and the Castilian government. Given the importance of July 4, 1946, nevertheless, it is sad to see the day non recognized for what information technology was.
Meet the Writer
Ricardo Trota Jose is professor of history at the Academy of the Philippines, Diliman. He obtained his bachelor's and main's degrees in history at U.P., and his PhD from the Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. He specializes in military and diplomatic history, with focus on the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. Jose has published widely in diverse journals and books. Amidst his major publications are The Philippine Army, 1935-1942 (Ateneo de Manila University Printing, 1992) and Volume 7 (on the Japanese occupation of the Philippines) of the multi-volume Kasaysayan set (Reader's Digest, 1998). He was awarded the Metrobank Foundation Outstanding Filipino in teaching in 2019.
This article is part of a series commemorating the 75th anniversary of the cease of World State of war II made possible by the Department of Defense force.
Source: https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/july-4-1946-philippines-independence
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